Whicha Art Style Expressed the Orderly Formal and Balenced Approach of the Enlightment
The Enlightenment
Neoclassicism was the dominant creative style of the Enlightenment period and drew inspiration from the classical art and culture of Ancient Greece and Rome.
Learning Objectives
Describe the shifts in thinking and artwork that characterized the Enlightenment
Key Takeaways
Key Points
- European Neoclassicism in the visual arts began c. 1760 in opposition to the decadence of Baroque and Rococo styles.
- The austerity and sobriety of Neoclassicism echoed the spirit of the French Revolution.
- The French painter Nicholas Poussin was a master of the Neoclassical style.
- Neoclassicism was especially strong in those areas where classical examples were most arable, such every bit in architecture and sculpture. Painting, in contrast, had fewer classical antecedents to reference.
Fundamental Terms
- Neoclassicism: Neoclassicism is the name given to Western movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theater, music, and architecture that draw inspiration from the "classical" fine art and civilization of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome.
- Rococo: Rococo, also referred to as Late Baroque, is an 18th-century creative motility and style, which afflicted several aspects of the arts, including painting, sculpture, architecture, interior design, ornament, literature, music, and theater.
- Enlightenment: A philosophical move in 17th and 18th century Europe; the Historic period of Enlightenment, or the Historic period of Reason, emphasized rationalism.
Overview
The Enlightenment, besides known as the Age of Reason, was a movement that began during the 18th century in Europe and the American colonies. The primal figures of the motion sought to reform society using the power of reason. Started by the preeminent philosophers of the twenty-four hour period, the Enlightenment era lasted from almost 1650 to 1800, promoting science, reason, and intellectual exchange. The idea of advancing noesis through reason emerged in response to new technology and the power to exchange information easily thanks to mass printing, and also out of a backlash against previous systems, which valued the church and tradition above all else. The authority of scientific discipline and empirical thought increasingly displaced religious say-so, and the disciplines of alchemy and star divination lost credibility, leaving the more than easily confirmed chemistry and astronomy. Scientific thought became more than and more developed. The Enlightenment has long been hailed as the foundation of modern Western political and intellectual civilisation.
The Enlightenment encouraged criticism of the corruption of Louis XVI and the aristocracy in French republic, leading to the offset of the French Revolution in 1789. In 1792, Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette, were beheaded along with thousands of other aristocrats believed to exist loyal to the monarchy.
Art During the Enlightenment
Previous to the Enlightenment, the ascendant creative style was Rococo. When the Enlightenment and its new ethics took hold, Rococo was condemned for being immoral, indecent, and indulgent, and a new kind of instructive art was chosen for, which became known equally Neoclassicism. In opposition to the frivolous sensuality of Rococo painters similar Jean-Honoré Fragonard and François Boucher, the Neoclassicists looked to the artist Nicolas Poussin for their inspiration. Poussin's work favors line over colour and predominantly features clarity, logic, and order. His work served as an culling to the ascendant Baroque style of the 17th century. Poussin was the major inspiration for such classically oriented artists as Jacques-Louis David, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, and Paul Cézanne.
Et in Arcadia Ergo by Nicholas Poussin, c. 1630s: Poussin came to ascertain Neoclassical artwork with work that favored line over colour and a rather stark lack of frivolity.
The Neoclassical Style
Neoclassicism is characterized by clarity of form, sober colors, shallow infinite, and potent horizontals. Its verticals render the subject matter timeless, instead of temporal, as in the dynamic Bizarre works, and depicts classical subject affair—or classicizes contemporary subject area thing. Neoclassicists believed that strong drawing was rational, and therefore morally superior, and that art should be cerebral, non sensual.
The Neoclassicists wanted to express rationality and sobriety that was fitting for their times. Artists like David supported the rebels in the French Revolution through an art that asked for clear-headed thinking, self-cede to the Country (equally in Oath of the Horatii), and an austerity reminiscent of Republican Rome.
Oath of the Horatii by Jacques-Louis David, 1784: David was an extremely influential figure in the Neoclassical movement. His strong use of line, balance, and geometry suited the motility's ethics of order and austerity.
Neoclassicism was strongest in architecture, sculpture, and the decorative arts, where classical models in the same medium were relatively numerous and accessible. Rococo compages emphasizes grace, ornament, and disproportion; Neoclassical architecture is based on the principles of simplicity and symmetry, which were seen equally virtues in the arts of Rome and Aboriginal Greece, and were more than immediately drawn from 16th century Renaissance Classicism.
The Yard Bout and Its Portraits
The Grand Tour was a customary trip to Europe undertaken past wealthy Europeans and some Americans.
Learning Objectives
Depict the stops forth the Chiliad Tour in Europe
Key Takeaways
Cardinal Points
- The Grand Bout was viewed equally an educational rite of passage typically for young men, merely sometimes women as well.
- The Grand Tour tradition was extended to include the middle grade when railroad and send travel became more widespread in the second one-half of the 18th century.
- The Yard Bout more often than not involved the written report of art at museums and universities, private collections, and notable architectural sites.
- Souvenirs and mementos became an important element equally they could demonstrate the specifics of which location was visited and what was seen or acquired.
- The creative person Pompeo Batoni fabricated a career of painting portraits of English tourists posed amid Roman antiquities and became very popular in Rome.
- Batoni'southward paintings made information technology into numerous individual collections in Britain, thus ensuring the genre 'southward popularity in the United Kingdom.
Cardinal Terms
- rite of passage: A anniversary or series of ceremonies, often very ritualized, to celebrate a transition in a person's life. Baptisms, bar mitzvahs, weddings, and funerals are among the best known examples.
The Grand Tour was a customary trip to Europe undertaken by wealthy Europeans and some Americans that flourished as a tradition from most 1660 to 1840. The trip was viewed as an educational rite of passage typically for young men, only sometimes women as well. It was intended as a ways of cultural broadening and associated with a fairly standard itinerary. The G Tour tradition was extended to include the middle class when railroad and ship travel became more widespread in the second half of the 18th century.
The travel itinerary typically began in Dover, England and crossed the English language Channel to Ostend or to Calais in France. From hither the tourist and "bear-leader," or tutor, and maybe a troupe of servants, could rent a coach and travel to Paris. From Paris they would travel to Switzerland, and then Spain, and Northern Italy. Once in Italia, the tourist would visit Turin, and might spend a few months in Florence and Venice, which was the epitome of the Chiliad Tour for most British tourists. From Venice they would go to Rome to study the ruins and masterpieces and possibly to the archaeological sites at Pompeii. Next was the German department of Europe, such every bit Vienna, Dresden, Berlin, and Potsdam, and finally to Holland and Flanders before making the trip dwelling house. The journeying generally involved the study of art at museums and universities, private collections, and notable architectural sites.
The pilgrimage was popularized farther by the advent of tour guides, such as Thomas Cook, which became synonymous with the One thousand Tour. K Tourists were known to travel with an entourage that included valets, coachmen, scholarly guide and possibly a cook. Souvenirs and mementos became an important element as they could demonstrate the specifics of which location was visited and what was seen or acquired. Their popularity created an industry of sorts, and prices rose with the growth of the trend. Some Thou Tourists invited artists from dwelling house to accompany them throughout their travels, painting views specific to their personal itineraries.
Despite the political upheaval, 18th century Rome remained a desirable destination. It became an absolute necessity for people of ways to spend time in Rome equally part of their "M Tour," or educational pilgrimage. The city became a nexus for these tourists too as the merchants and industries that resulted from their patronage.
The increasing popularity of the Grand Bout, and the related desire for visitors to collect "classical" souvenirs, rapidly spread the Neoclassical style throughout Europe. Information technology became a symbol of wealth and freedom to go on the Thousand Bout and to have something to prove for it displayed in your home. A popular gift of the Grand Tour was a portrait of the tourists themselves, oftentimes painted amidst the compages, or famous art works of a particular European location. The artist Pompeo Batoni, fabricated a career of painting portraits of English language tourists posed among Roman antiquities. He became very popular in Rome and his portraits of the British traveling through the city were in very loftier demand. There are records of over 200 portraits of visiting British patrons standing amid ruins and great works of art by Batoni. These paintings made it into numerous private collections in Britain, thus ensuring the genre's popularity in the United kingdom.
A portrait by Pompeo Batoni: A popular souvenir of the Thou Tour was a portrait of the tourists themselves, like this ane, painted amidst the architecture or famous art works of a particular European location.
Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/the-enlightenment/#:~:text=Neoclassicism%20was%20the%20dominant%20artistic,of%20Ancient%20Greece%20and%20Rome.